A TREATISE ON GEOLOGY


BY

JOHN PHILLIPS, F.R.S.G.S.

Professor of Geology in King's College, London,

In Two Volumes

VOLUME II


London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans.

1837.

logo-Vol II

This electronic edition prepared by Dr. David C. Bossard
from original documents in the library holdings of Dartmouth College.

April, 2006.

Copyright © 2006 by David C. Bossard.


CONTENTS.


CHAPTER VI. continued.


POST-TERTIARY AND MODERN DEPOSITS. [Continued]

FLUVIATILE DEPOSITS [Continued]

 001  002  003  004  005  006  007  008  009  010  011  012  013  014  015  016  017  018  019  020  021  022  023  024  025  026  027  028  029  030  031  032  033  034  035  036  037  038  039  040  041  042  043  044

New Lands at the Mouths of Rivers  1
Estuary and Shore Deposits  5

LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS 10

Classification of Fossil Maminalla  13

Eocene or Lower Tertiary Period  14

Organic Remains of the Paris Basin  14
Organic Remains of the Quarries of Binstead  15


Middle Tertiary Period 16

Fossil Remains of the upper Freshwater Beds of the Paris Basin  16
Organic Remains of various Freshwater Beds  17-20

Lakes of the Pleiocene and Diluvial Period  21

Fossil Mammalia of the upper Val d'Arno  21
Series of Deposits in the upper Val d'Arno  22
Series of Deposits at Bielbecks  23
Organic Remains at Bielbecks  23
Fossil Shells of the Valley of the Thames  24
Charlesworth's Classification of Mammaliferous Strata  25

Modern Lacustrine Deposits  26

Circumstances of their Accumulation  28

SUBTERRANEAN AND SUBMARINE FORESTS.

Buried Trees on the Course of a River  30

Series of Beds associated with Tin Ore at Sandrycock, Cornwall 33

Turf Moors  35

Antiquity of Subterranean Forests  37

General Considerations - - - - 41


CHAPTER VII.

UNSTRATIFIED ROCKS IN THE CRUST OF THE EARTH.

 044  045  046  047  048  049  050  051  052  053  054  055  056  057  058  059  060  061  062  063  064  065  066  067  068  069  070  071  072  073  074  075  076  077  078  079  080  081  082

General Remarks  44

Igneous Origin  44
Geological Age  45
Composition  45

Mineral Composition of Unstratified Rocks  53

Scrope's Synopsis of Volcanic Rocks.- Trachyte  56
Greystone. -- Basalt  57

Elements of the Old Rocks of Fusion.

Division I. -- Felspathic  57
Division II. -- Hornblendo-, Augito-, &c. Felspathic  57
Division III.- Hornblendic, Augitic, &c.  58

Mixed Rocks  59

Gradations among Igneous Rocks  60

Chemical Composition of the Rocks of Igneous Origin  63

Analysis of Minerals in Igneous Products  64
Table of Varieties of Mica  65
Table of Varieties of Granite  66
Table of Varieties of Sienite  66
Table of Varieties of Greenstone  66
Analysis of Serpentine  67
Table of Feispathic Compounds analogous to Granite  67
Analyses of Pumice, Compact Lava of Calabria, Basalt  68


Exterior Forms of the Masses of Igneous Rocks  68

Interposed Beds  68
Overlying Masses  70
Fissures  70
Dykes  71
Veins. -- Granite Veins  72

Internal Divisions of Igneous Rocks  81

PHENOMENA OBSERVED WHERE IGNEOUS ROCKS COME IN CONTACT WITH STRATIFIED MASSES.

 082  083  084  085  086  087  088  089  090  091  092  093  094  095  096  097  098  099  100  101  102  103  104  105  106  107  108  109  110  111  112  113  114  115  116  117  118  119  120

Induration of Stratified Rocks  82

Alteration of the Structure of Rocks by Heat  84

Metamorphic Rocks  90
Re-arrangement of the Particles of Rocks  91
Alteration of the Chemical Nature of Rocks  96
Dolomitic Limestone  98
Generation of New Minerals  101
Metamorphic Slates 104
Succession of Metamorphic Slates  105
Metamorphic Mica Schist, Gneiss, &c.  108

Relative Antiquity of Pyrogenous Rocks  110

Table of the Principal Disturbances of the Stratification of the British Islands, with the Igneous Rocks observed in connection therewith.

Class I. -- Before the Deposition of Old Red Sandstone  117
Class II. -- Before the Deposition of the Lias  118
Class III. -- Before the Deposition of the Lower Green Sand  119
Class IV. -- Since the Deposition of the Chalk  119


CHAPTER VIII.

MINERAL VEINS.

 120  121  122  123  124  125  126  127  128  129  130  131  132  133  134  135  136  137  138  139  140  141  142  143  144  145  146  147  148  149  150  151  152  153  154  155  156  157  158  159  160  161  162  163  164  165

Remarks  120

Geographical Distribution  121

Occurrence of Mineral Veins near Centres of Igneous Action  124

Relation of Veins to the Substance and Structure of the Neighbouring Rocks 128

Relation of Veins to each other  136

First Class. -- Oldest Tin Veins or 'Lodes'  136
Second Class. -- More recent Tin Lodes  136
Third Class. -- Oldest East and West Copper Lodes  137
Fourth Class. -- Contra Copper Lodes  137
Fifth Class. -- Cross Courses  137
Sixth Class. -- More recent Copper Lodes  138
Seventh Class. -- Cross Flukans  138
Eighth Class. -- Slides  138
Deposits of Metallic Veins in Cornwall  139


Theory of Mineral Veins  142

Veins are of posterior Date to the Rocks which they traverse  143
Description of Huel Peever Vein  145
Origin of Vein Fissures 153
Filling of the Fissures  157
Recapitulation 161


CHAPTER IX.

MODERN EFFECTS OF HEAT IN THE GLOBE.

 165  166  167  168  169  170  171  172  173  174  175  176  177  178  179  180  181  182  183  184  185  186  187  188  189  190  191  192  193  194  195  196  197  198  199  200  201  202  203  204  205  206  207  208  209  210  211  212  213  214  215  216  217  218  219  220  221  222  223  224

Remarks  165

VOLCANIC ACTION  166

Origin of Volcanos  167
Volcanos in Action  173
Extinction of Volcanos  181
Extinct Volcanos  185


Geographical Distribution of Volcanos - - - 186

Asiatic Volcanos  192
American Volcanos  194
African Volcanos  196
Australia  197
Indian Ocean  197
Pacific Ocean  197


Geological Age of Volcanos  198

Volcanic Eruption Forces  199

Ejection of Ashes and Stones  200
New Mountains formed  201
New Islands raised  201
Earthquakes  207

Hypotheses of Volcanic Action  210

Thermal Springs  214
Warm Springs of the British Islands, yielding Nitrogen, &c.  217
Warm Springs of a Part of Germany, &c., yielding Carbonic Acid, &c.  218
Warm Springs of the Pyrenees  218
Warm Springs of Volcanic Countries  219
Summary of their Geological Relations to existing Volcanos  221

Experimental Inquiries into the Heat of the Globe  224

 224  225  226  227  228  229  230  231  232  233  234  235  236  237  238

First Class of Experiments. -- Metalliferous Veins  232
Tables of Temperatures of Water at different Depths in the Mines of Freyberg  232
Account of Temperatures of Water at different Depths in various Countries  233

Second Class of Experiments. -- Stratified Rocks  234

Account of tbe Temperatures of Water at various Depths in different Mines  234
Cordier's Summary of Observations in the Coal Mines of Carmeaux, Littry, and Decise  236
Summary of Observations on Subterranean Temperatures in Rocks  237

Third Class of Experiments. -- Artesian Wells  237

Tables of Temperatures of Water, with Mean Results  238


CHAPTER  X.

STATE OF GEOLOGICAL THEORY.

 239  240  241  242  243  244  245  246  247  248  249  250  251  252  253  254  255  256  257  258  259  260  261  262  263  264  265  266  267  268  269  270  271  272  273  274  275  276  277  278  279

General Observations  239


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Outline of Land and Sea  248

Heights and Depths  250

Displacements of Stratified Rocks  251

Direction of Displacements  254
Production of Longitudinal Fissures  261
Formation of Transverse Fissures  262
Formation of Fissures in a Conical Elevation  262
Faults  263

Periods of Ordinary and Critical Action  263
Primary Period. -- Carboniferous Period  264
Oolitlc and Cretaceous Periods. -- Eocene Period of Mr. LyeIl  265
Modern Period of Ordinary Action  266

Climate  267

CONCLUSION  276

CHAPTER XI.

POPULAR VIEWS AND ECONOMICAL APPLICATIONS OF GEOLOGY.

 279  280  281  282  283  284  285  286  287  288  289  290  291  292  293  294  295  296  297  298

Introductory Remarks  279
 
Aspect of the Earth's Surface  281

Outline of Land and Sea  282

Undulations of the Interior  284

Scenery  286


ECONOMICAL APPLICATIONS OF GEOLOGY.

Agriculture  288
Construction of Roads, Railways, Canals, &c.  291
Building Materials  292
Coal and other Mineral Products  292


INDEX 299-308   299  300  301  302  303  304  305  306  307  308