THE

HISTORY OF CREATION:


OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARTH AND ITS

INHABITANTS BY THE ACTION OF NATURAL CAUSES.



A POPULAR EXPOSITION OF

THE DOCTRINE OF EVOLUTION IN GENERAL, AND THAT OF

DARWIN, GOETHE, AND LAMARCK IN PARTICULAR.


From the German of

ERNST HAECKEL
Professor in the University of Jena.

The Translation Revised by

Professor E. RAY LANKESTER, M.A., F.R.S.,

Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.

  In Two Volumes

Volume II



New York:
D. APPELTON AND COMPANY

1876


This electronic edition prepared by Dr. David C. Bossard
from original documents in his personal library.

January, 2006.

Copyright © 2006 by David C. Bossard.


CONTENTS.

Titlepage i   i

Superscription (Wordsworth) ii 
ii

CHAPTER XV.

PERIODS OF CREATION AND RECORDS OF CREATION.


 001  002  003  004  005  006  007  008  009  010  011  012  013  014  015  016  017  018  019  020  021  022  023  024  025  026  027  028  029  030  031  032  033  034  035

Reform of Systems by the Theory of Descent. -- The Natural System as a Pedigree.
-- Palæontological Records of the Pedigree. -- Petrifactions as Records of Creation. -- Deposits of the Neptunic Strata and the Enclosure of Organic Remains. -- Division of the Organic History of the Earth into Five Main Periods: Period of the Tangle Forests, Fern Forests, Pine Forests, Foliaceous Forests, and of Cultivation. -- The Series of Neptunic Strata. -- Immeasurable Duration of the Periods which have elapsed during their Formation. -- Deposits of Strata only during the Sinking, not during the Elevation of the Ground. -- Other Gaps in the Records of Creation. -- Metamorphic Condition of the most Ancient Neptuntic Strata. -- Small Extent of Palæontological Experience. -- Small proportion of Organisms and of Parts of Organisms Capable of Petrifying. -- Rarity of many Petrified Species. -- Want of Fossilised Intermediate Forms. -- Records of the Creation in Ontogeny and in Comparative Anatomy.

CHAPTER XVI.

PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE KINGDOM OF THE PROTISTA.


 036  037  038  039  040  041  042  043  044  045  046  047  048  049  050  051  052  053  054  055  056  057  058  059  060  061  062  063  064  065  066  067  068  069  070  071  072  073  074  075  076

Special Mode of Carrying out the Theory of Descent in the Natural System of Organisms.
-- Construction of Pedigrees. -- Descent of all Many-celled from Single-celled Organisms. -- Descent of Cells from Monera. -- Meaning of Organic Tribes, or Phyla. -- Number of the Tribes in the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms. -- The Monophyletic Hypothesis of Descent, or the Hypothesis of one Common Progenitor, and the Polyphyletic Hypothesis of Descent, or the Hypothesis of many Progenitors. -- The Kingdom of Protista, or Primæval Beings. -- Eight Classes of the Protista Kingdom: Monera, Amœbæ, or Protoplastæ; Whip-swimmers, or Flagellata; ated-balls, or Cili Catallacta; Labyrinth-streamers, or Labyrinthuleæ; Flint-cells, or Diatomeæ; Mucous-mou1ds, or Myxomycetes; Root-footers (Rhizopoda). -- Remarks on the General Natural History of the Protista: Their Vital Phenomena, Chemical Composition, and Formation (Individuality and Fundamental Form). -- Pliylogeny of the Prostista Kingdom.


CHAPTER XVIL

PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.


 077  078  079  080  081  082  083  084  085  086  087  088  089  090  091  092  093  094  095  096  097  098  099  100  101  102  103  104  105  106  107  108  109  110  111  112  113  114  115

The Natural System of the Vegetable Kingdom.
-- Division of the Vegetable Kingdom into Six Branches and Eighteen Classes. -- The Flowerless Plants (Cryptogamia). -- Sub-kingdom of the Thallus Plants. -- The Tangles, or Algæ (Primary A1gæ, Green Algæ, Brown Algæ, Red Algæ) -- The Thread-plants, or Inophytes (Lichens and Fungi). -- Sub-kingdom of the Prothallus Plants. -- The Mosses, or Muscinæ (Water-mosses, Liverworts, Leaf-mosses, Bog-mosses). -- The Ferns, or Filicinæ (Leaf-ferns, Bamboo-ferns, Water-ferns, Scale-ferns). -- Sub kingdom of Flowering Plants (Phanerogamia). -- The Gymnosperms, or Plants with Naked Seeds (Palm-ferns = Cycadæ; Pines = Coniferae.) -- The Angiosperms, or Plants with Enclosed Seeds. -- Monocotylæ. -- Dicotylæ. -- Cup-blossoms (Apetalæ). -- Star-b1ossoms (Diapetalæ). -- Bell-blossoms (Gamopetalæ)

CHAPTER XVIII.

PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

I. ANIMAL-PLANTS AND WORMS.


 117  118  119  120  121  122  123  124  125  126  127  128  129  130  131  132  133  134  135  136  137  138  139  140  141  142  143  144  145  146  147  148  149  150  151  152  153  154

The Natural System of the Animal Kingdom.
-- Linnæus and Lamarck's Systems. -- The Four Types of Bär and Cuvier. -- Their Increase to Seven Types. -- Genealogical Importance of the Seven Types as Independent Tribes of the Animal Kingdom. -- Derivation of Zoophytes and Worms from Primeval Animals. -- Monophyletic and Polyphyletic Hypothesis of the Descent of the Animal Kingdom. -- Common Origin of the Four Higher Animal Tribes out of the Worm Tribe. -- Division of the Seven Animal Tribes into Sixteen Main Classes, and Thirty-eight Classes. -- Primeval Animals (Monera, Amœbæ, Synamœbæ), Gregarines, Infusoria, Planæades, and Gastræades (Planula and Gastrula). -- Tribe of Zoophytes. -- Spongiæ (Mucous Sponges, Fibrous Sponges, Calcareous Sponges). -- Sea Nettles, or Aca1ephæ Corals, Hood-jellies, Comb-jellies). -- Tribe of Worms.


CHAPTER XIX

PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.


II. MOLLUSCA, STAR-FISHES, AND ARTICULATED ANIMALS.

 154  155  156  157  158  159  160  161  162  163  164  165  166  167  168  169  170  171  172  173  174  175  176  177  178  179  180  181  182  183  184  185  186  187  188  189  190  191

Tribe of Molluscs.
-- Four Classes of Molluscs: Lamp-shells (Spirobranchia); Mussels (Lamellibranchia); Snails (Cochlides); Cuttle-fish (Cephalopoda). -- Tribe of Star-fishes, or Echinoderma. -- Their Derivation from Ringed Worms (Mailed Worms, or Phracthelminthes). -- The Alternation of Generation in the Echinoderma. -- Four Classes of Star-fish: Sea-stars (Asteridea); Sea-lilies (Crinoidea); Sea-urchins (Echinidea); Sea-cucumbers (Holothuridea). -- Tribe of Articulated Animals, or Arthropoda. -- Four Classes of Articulated Animals: Branchiata, or Crustacea, breathing through gills; Jointed Crabs; Mailed Crabs; Articulata Tracheata, breathing through Air Tubes. -- Spiders (Long Spiders, Round Spiders). -- Myriopods. -- Insects. -- Chewing and Sucking Insects. -- Pedigree and History of the Eight Orders of Insects

CHAPTER XX

PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

III. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.


 192  193  194  195  196  197  198  199  200  201  202  203  204  205  206  207  208  209  210  211  212  213  214  215  216  217  218  219  220  221  222  223  224  225  226  227  228  229  230

The Records of the Creation of Vertebrate Animals (Comparative Anatomy, Embryology, and Palontology). --
The Natural System of Vertebrate Animals. -- The Four Classes of Vertebrate Animals, according to Linnæus and Lamarck. -- Their Increase to Nine Classes. -- Main Class of the Tube-hearted, or Skull-less Animals (the Lancelet). -- Blood Relationship between the Skul-less Fish and the Tunicates. -- Agreement in the Embryological Development of Amphioxus and Ascidiæ. -- Origin of the Vertebrate Tribe out of the Worm Tribe. -- Main Class of Single-nostriled, or Round-mouthed Animals (Hag and Lampreys). -- Main Class of Anamnionate Animals, devoid of Amnion. -- Fishes (Primeval Fish, Cartilaginous Fish, Osseous Fish). -- Mud-fish, or Dipneusta. -- Sea Dragons, or Halisauria. -- Frogs and Salamanders, or Amphibia (Mailed Amphibia, Naked Amphibia). -- Main Class of Amnionate Animals, or Amniota. -- Reptiles (Primary Reptiles, Lizards, Serpents, Crocodiles, Tortoises, Flying Reptiles, Dragons, Beaked Reptiles). -- Birds (Feather-tailed, Fan-tailed, Bush-tailed.)

CHAPTER XXI

PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

IV. MAMMALS.


 231  232  233  234  235  236  237  238  239  240  241  242  243  244  245  246  247  248  249  250  251  252  253  254  255  256  257  258  259  260  261  262

The System of Mammals according to Linnæus and Blainville.
-- Three Sub-classes of Mammals (Ornithodelphia, Didelphia, Monodelphia). -- Ornithodelphia, or Monotrema. -- Beaked Animals (Ornithostoma). -- Didelphia, or Marsupials. -- Herbivorous and Carnivorous Marsupials. -- Monodelphia, or Placentalia (Placental Animals). -- Meaning of the Placenta. -- Tuft Placentalia. -- Girdle Placentalia. -- Disc Placentalia. -- Non-deciduates, or Indeciduata. -- Hoofed Animals. -- Single and Double-hoofed Animals. -- Whales. -- Toothless Animals. -- Deciduates, or Animals with Decidua. -- Semi-apes. -- Gnawing Animals. -- Pseudo-hoofed Animals. -- Insectivora. -- Beasts of Prey. -- Bats. -- Apes


CHAPTER XXII.

ORIGIN AND PEDIGREE OF MAN.


 263  264  265  266  267  268  269  270  271  272  273  274  275  276  277  278  279  280  281  282  283  284  285  286  287  288  289  290  291  292  293  294  295

The Application of the Theory of Descent to Man.
-- Its Immense Importance and Logical Necessity. -- Man's Position in the Natural System of Animals, among Disco-placental Animals. -- Incorrect Separation of the Bimana and Quaclrumana. -- Correct Separation of Semi-apes from Apes. -- Man's Position in the Order of Apes. -- Narrow-nosed Apes (of the Old World) and Flat-nosed Apes (of America). -- Difference of the two Groups. -- Origin of Man from Narrow-nosed Apes. -- Human Apes, or Anthropoides. -- African Human-apes (Gorilla and Chimpanzee). -- Asiatic Human-apes (Orang and Gibbon). -- Comparison between the different Human Apes and the different Races of Men. -- Survey of the Series of the Progenitors of Man. -- Invertebrate Progenitors (Prochordata) and Vertebrate Progenitors.

CHAPTER XXIII

MIGRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MANKIND.  HUMAN SPECIES AND HUMAN RACES.

 296  297  298  299  300  301  302  303  304  305  306  307  308  309  310  311  312  313  314  315  316  317  318  319  320  321  322  323  324  325  326  327  328  329  330  331  332  333

Age of the Human Race.
-- Causes of its Origin. -- The Origin of Human Language. -- Monophyletic or Single, Polyphyletic or Multiple Origin of the Human Race. -- Derivation of Man from many Pairs. -- Classification of the Human Races. -- System of Twelve Species of Men. -- Woolly-Haired Men, or Ulotrichis. -- Bushy-Haired (Papuans, Hottentots.) -- Fleecy-haired (Caffres, Negroes). -- Straight-haired Men, or Lissotrichi. -- Stiff-haired (Australians, Malays, Mongols, Arctic, and American Tribes). -- Curly-haired (Dravidas, Nubians, Midlanders) -- Number of Population. -- Primæval Home of Man (South Asia, or Lemuria). -- Nature of Primæval Men. -- Number of Primæval Languages (Monoglottists and Polyglottists). -- Divergence and Migration of the Human Race. -- Geographical Distribution of the Human Species


CHAPTER XXIV.

OBJECTIONS AGAINST, AND PROOFS OF THE TRUTH OF, THE THEORY OF DESCENT.


 334  335  336  337  338  339  340  341  342  343  344  345  346  347  348  349  350  351  352  353  354  355  356  357  358  359  360  361  362  363  364  365  366  367  368  369  370

Objections to the Doctrine of Filiation.
-- Objections of Faith and Reason. -- Immeasurable Length of the Geological Periods. -- Transition Forms between Kindred Species. -- Dependence of Stability of Form on Inheritance, and of the Variability of Form on Adaptation. -- Origin of very Complicated Arrangement of Organisation. -- Gradual Development of Instincts and Mental Activities. -- Origin of à priori Knowledge from Knowledge à posteriori. -- The Knowledge requisite for the Correct Understanding of the Doctrine of Filiation. -- Necessary Interaction between Empiricism and Philosophy. -- Proofs of the Theory of Descent. -- Inner Causal-Connection between all the Biological Series of Phenomena. -- The Direct Proof of the Theory of Selection. -- Relation of the Theory of Descent to Anthropology. -- Proofs of the Animal Origin of Man. -- The Pithecoid Theory as an Inseparable Part of the Theory of Descent. -- Induction and Deduction. -- Gradual Development of the Human Mind. -- Body and Mind. -- Human Soul and Animal Soul. -- A Glance at the Future.

LIST OF WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT 
371  372  373  374  375  376  377  378

APPENDIX (Explanation of the Plates) 
379  380  381  382  383  384  385  386  387  388  389  390  391  392  393  394  395  396  397  398  399  400  401

INDEX 
402  403  404  405  406  407  408



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES (below).



IV.  Hand of Nine different Mammals  To face page 34

V.  Single-Stemmed, or Monophyletic, Pedigree of the Vegetable Kingdom  " 112

VI. Historical Growth of the Six Great Stems of Animals  " 122

VII.  Animal Plants, or Zoophytes  " 140

VIII.  Star Fishes -- First Generation  " 170

IX. Star Fishes-Second Generation   " 171

X.  Nauplius-Youth-Form of Six Crab Fish  "  174

XI.  Adult-Form of the same Six Crab Fish  " 175

XII  Ascidia and Amphioxus   " 201

XIII.  Ascidia and Aixiphioxus  "  202

XIV.  Single, or Monophyletic, Pedigree of Back-boned Animals  " 222

XV.  Hypothetical Sketch of the Monophyletic Origin of Man    Frontispiece


FIGURES.

8.  Protamœba Primitiva   52

9.  Bathybius Hæcke1ii  53

10. Amœba Sphærococcus  54

11.  Euglena Striata  57

12.  Magosphæra Planula  58

13.  Labyrinthula Macrocystis  59

14.  Navicula Hippocampus  60

15.  Physarum Albipes  61

16.  Cyrtidosphæra Echinoides  66

17.  Caulerpa Denticulata  87

18.  Euastrum Rota  88

19.  Fucus Vesiculosus (egg of)  90

High resolution images of all plates and figures are here.



PLATES

Plate
Click for plate at 100 ppi
DESCRIPTION
IV


Plate at 200 ppi

Hand of Nine Different Mammals
V


Plate at 200 ppi

Single-stemmed or MONOPHYLETIC Pedigree of the Vegetable Kingdom
VI


Plate at 200 ppi

Historical Growth of the six great stems of Animals
VII


Plate at 200 ppi

Animal Plants, or Zoophytes
VIII


Plate at 200 ppi

Star Fishes. First Generation. Worm Person.
IX


Plate at 200 ppi

Star Fishes. Second Generation. Worm Stock.
X


Plate at 200 ppi

Nauplius. Youth-form of six Crab-fish.
XI


Plate at 200 ppi

Adult form of the same six Crab-fish.
XII


Plate at 200 ppi

Ascidia and Amphioxus.
XIII


Plate at 200 ppi

Ascidia and Amphioxus.
XIV


Plate at 200 ppi

Single or MONOPHYLETIC Pedigree of the Stem of the Back-Boned Animals.
XV


Plate at 200 ppi

Hypothetical Sketch of the MONOPHYLETIC Origin and of the extension of the 12 Races of Man from Lemuria over the Earth.