INDEX
ABBOTSBURY to Shaftesbury, range of Upper Greensand, 221,222
African lakes, 438
Agassiz, on ancient glaciers, 327, 384
Aix-la- Chapelle, cretaceous flora of, 255
Allan river, 528
Alne, 520
Alnemouth glacial, 387
Alps and Italy, Rhætic, beds of, 158
Alps, upheaval of, 404
Alpine old glaciers, maps of, 439, 440
Alpine snow and ice, 361-366
Amazons, estuary of, 244, 247, 256
- area of drainage, 560
Analyses of rocks, 48
Aneurin and the Gododin, 587
Anglesey, coal-measures of, 124
-
glaciation of, 384, 402-411
- Old Red Sandstone of, 110
Animals, ancient migrations of, 482,483
Anticlinal and synclinal curves, 33, 346-348
Antoninus' wall and docks, 550
Antrim, chalk of, 257
- Miocene volcanic rocks of, 263, 354
Aqueous and igneous rocks, 3
Aquitani and Iberians, 580, 581
Aran Mowddwy, 498
- - glaciers of, 401
- - view from, 523
Arbroath coast-cliffs, denudation of, 488
Areas of drainage, Britain, 495
Arenig, slates of, Sedgwick, 69
- - fossils of, 70, 71
- - and
unconformity, 70, 77, 78
- - Cumbria, 70
Argyll, Duke of, on Miocene leafbeds, Mull, 264
Aristotle, 277
Arran in Glacial epoch, 382
- and Clyde glacier, 398
Ashburnham beds, 206
Ashby-de-la-Zouch coal-field, 125
Ashop and Alport Dale, landslips
in, 327, 328
Atherfield clay and fossils of, 212-214, 214, 311
Atlantic, Foraminifera, &c., in,
226
- volcanic explosions in, 80
Atlas, old glaciers of, 375
Auvergne, volcanos of, 116
Avebury,
349, 350
Avon, gorge of and tributaries, 511-513
Axmouth, landslip near, 486
BAGSHOT and Bracklesham beds, 238, 248-251, 255, 256
Bala lake, glacier of, 405, 524, 525
- limestone, 72
- volcanic rccks near, 76
Beinn More, Mull, 264
Basalts, greenstones, &c.,
615
Basques, 580
Bass Rock, 383
Bath Oolite, 176-181
- Old Well, salts in, 555
Battle, Purbeck, and Wealden, strata of, 206
Beardmore, Mr., on Thames at Kingston, [sic.]
Beaumaris, Boulder-clay, 404
Bedford Level, alluvia of, 543
Bedfordshire, Portland beds of, 191
Beeston Cliff, 308
Belford, glacial, 386
Belgæ, 582
Belgic Gauls, 580
Bell, Mr. T., on coal
raised, 598
Bembridge beds and fossils, 238, 252-254
Berwickshire coal-field, 127
Berwick, glacial phenomena near, 385-386
Berwyn Mountains, Silurian strata of, 72
- -, volcanic rocks of, 71
Black, Dr., on Hutton, 280
Black band ironstone, 128
Blackdown Hills, Upper Greensand of, 220
Black Sea fauna, 161
Blackpool, sbell-beds of, 414
Blocks of Monthey, 368
Blyth, 520
Bone
bed, Gloucestershire, 163
- caves, 459
- caves, Meuse, 547
Bouches de Perthes, man and the mammoth, 538
Boulder-clay, 333, 384-397
- beds, Oolitic, Brora, 199
- beds, Permian, 143
- beds, Old
Red Sandstone, 111
Bovey Tracey, Miocene beds and fossils of, 259-263
Bowerbank, Dr., on sponges in Chalk, 227
Boyd river, Miocene beds and fossils of, 311
Bracklesham, Bagshot, and Barton beds, 314
Breidden Hills, volcanic rocks of, 77
Brick-clays, 609-610
Bridlington, glacial, 392
Bristol coal-field, an outlier, 35
Bristol and Somerset, Carboniferous rocks of, 122
Bristol Channel, origin of, 510
Bristow, Mr., on Alum Bay section, 241
- Mr., and Brixham cave, 478
Britain, igneous rocks of, 18
- old glaciers of, 372,384, 431-455
Britain partial submersion of, 412-418
Britain, prospective population of, 604
British Islands and glacial epoch, 380-448-455
Brixham cave, 478-480
Brodie, Rev. P. B., on Insect limestones, 163, 164
Brora, Oolites of, 198
Buckland, Dr., on glacial epoch, 384
- Dr., on Bone caves, 461, 473
- Dr., on Paviland cave, 470
- Dr., and Caldy cave, 472
Building stones, 610-615
- - Oolitic Bath and Portland, &c., 611
- - Magnesian Limestone, 611612
- - Carboniferous Limestone, 611
- - Carboniferous Sandstone, 612
- - Red Sandstones, old and new, 611
- - Caradoc Sandstone, 611
Builth, Upper Llandovery rocks, 92
- Lower Silurian and volcanic rocks of, 72, 77
Bunter beds, 152
Burdett Coutts, Baroness, and Bovey beds, 259
Burdiehouse Limestone, 128
Bure valley beds, 276
Burnet, geological ideas of, 277
Busk, Mr.,
and Victoria cave, 466
CADER IDRIS, view from, 498
Caernarvon Castle, its stones, 612
Caithness, Old Red Sandstone of, 294
Caldy Island cave, 472
Cambrian and Silurian rocks, classification of, 56-58
- rocks and fossils, Wales and Longmynd, 58-61
- - how deposited, 61
- and Lower Silurian rocks, disturbance and submergence, of, 303-305
Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, and the Wash, plains of, 333
Canada, Laurentian gneiss, &c., 47, 52
Caradoc Sandstone, range of, 72
Carboniferous Limestone, 112
- - coral reefs, 133-135
- -
Derbyshire, 125
- - fossils of, 129-131
- - North of England, 305-306
- - Scotland, 127
- - waste of, 561
- - waters of, 554
-epoch, 137
- fossils, 129-133
- series, 119-138, 297-306
- times, physical geography of, 133
- volcanic rocks, 291
Carboniferous rocks Derbyshire, anticlinal curve, 324-325
- - anticlinal and synclinal curves of, 330-331
Carden Park, view from, 308-309
Cardigan Bay, glacier of, 405
Carnedd Llewelyn, &c., glaciers of, 408
Carontin stream-works and human skulls, 541
Caspian Sea, 116
- fauna, 148, 161
Caves and potholes, Yorkshire, 461.
- ages of, 460-462
- bones and flint implements, 462
- rarity of, in Scotland, 464
- Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Wales, Mendip Hills, and Devon, 460-469
Cave-men, 579-580
Cayton Bay, glacial, 391
Celtic populations, 579-589
- names, 582-586
Cement-stones, 6, 10
Chalk, 212, 225-230
- and Eocene beds, hiatus between, 234-235, 237
- Downs and Isle of Wight, 516
- - waste of, 560-561
- early westerly tilt of, 510
-
escarpment of, 318, 333
- extension of, in Eocene epoch, 257
- flints, 227
- fossils of, 226-230
- Ireland, 227
- marl, 226
- potholes in, 318-320
-
sea in which deposited, 311
- thickness of, 226-227
- uppermost Continental, 234-235
- uncoiiformity on Oolites, &c., 318
- waste of, 318
Chamber, Robert, on glacial epoch, 384
Cheltenham, Inferior Oolite of,
175
- salt wells of, 555
Chemical action and denudation, 33
Cheshire plains, 330
- Permian
strata, 142
Chew river, 511
Chillesford clay and fossils, 276
Chloritic marl and fossils of,
220
Christianity in Britain, 583
Cirques, 429
Clark, Mr., on S. Wales coal-field, 597
Clay and mud, how formed, 10
Clay slate, 42
Clay and sands, of Bovey beds whence derived, 261
Cleavage and metamorphism, 42
Climate, changes of, 375-380
Close, Rev. M., Irish glaciers,
401
- on Sea-shells, Wicklow, 415
Clwyd, water of, 554
Clyde alluvia and remains, 546
-
Beds, shells of, 413
- and Arran,raised beaches of, 549
Coalbrookdale, Carboniferous rocks of, 123
- Permian strata, 123
Coal-measures, South Wales and England, 120-126
Coal-measure basins, 128, 599-602
- - fossils, 131, 138
Coal-beds, how formed, 136-138
Coal-fields, original continuity of, 600
- exposed by denudation, 602
- concealed by newer strata, 603
- populations of and near, 603
Coal Commission, work of, 596-604
- available, 596-606
- duration of, 604-606
-
manufactures, 607
Coal-pits, population employed in, 598
- of Oolitic Series Yorkshire, 195
- Brora, 198
Coniston Limestone, 74
- - and Upper Silurian,
331
Conisbro' Castle and Magnesian Limestone, 612
Consolidation of strata, 12
Continental epoch, Old Red to Triassic beds 156-158
Continent of Eocene epoch, 256257
Contortion and metamorphism of strata, 45-46
Coquet river, 520
Coral reefs and depression of land, 12
Coral Rag, Calcareous Grit, and fossils, 183-186
- - Battle, 206
Coralline Crag phosphates and fossils, 270-271, 273-275
Cornstones, 104
Cornbrash, range of and fossils, 181
- and Inferior Oolite, community of fossils in, 182
Cors-goch, &c., radiation of glaciers from, 406
Coruisk, 451
Cotswold Hills, Inferior Oolite, 175
- - escarpment and view from, 316-317
Crag, 270-276
- physical features and faunas of, 357-358
Cray river, palæolithic implements, 541
Cretaceous series, 212-235, 311
- - Upper, England, physical geography of, 230-235
- - Lower, of Dr. Fitton, 201
Cretaceous escarpment, 331
- rocks, waters of, 554
Crevasses,
364
Croll, Dr. on glacial cycles, 375-380
Crustacea, in base of Old Red Sandstone, 104
Cumberland, volcanic rocks of, 80
- age of mountains of, 405
- buried in ices 382
-
formations, 344
- ice-stream from, 408-409
- submergence of, 428
- to East of England, structure
and physiography, 331-333
- tributary glaciers of, 399
- valleys of, 529
- waters of, 553
Cumhraes, Bute, and Ailsa Craig, 382
Cumming, Rev. J. G., on glacial striations, Isle of Man, 399
Curves, anticlinal and synclinal, 33
Cwm-glas glacier, 421
Cwm-y-llan glacier, 422
Cymry, 582
Cyrenas, Inferior Oolite sand, 192
DANA, Professor, cited, 150
- - on fiord-latitudes, 447
Darwin, C., volcanic explosions in
Atlantic, 80
- and evolution of species, 173
- on fords, 448
- - on Llyn Idwal glacier, 423
Dawkins, Professor, on Bone caves, 464, 476
- - on cave mammalia, 481
- - on fauna of
river gravels, 537
- - on Greenlanders, 547
- - on Microlestis antiquus, 162
Dean Forest, Carboniferous rocks of, 121
Dee, Wales, 523-526
- - water of, 554
Degradation of land, Ray, 10
De la Bèche and Geological Survey, Cambrian and Silurian classification, 57
- - on Upper Greensand, Orleigh Court, 221
- - Sir H., cited, 163
- - - on Kent's Hole, 476
- - -
on Lake of Geneva, 443
Delamere Forest, 308
Deltas, how formed, 8
Denbighshire Permian
Strata, 142
Denudation, and chemical action, 33
- and landslips, 33, 34
- and sea-waves, 34
- and separation of countries, 482-489
- arid valleys of, 32, 33, 499
- definition of, 31-36
- of strata, amount of, 34
Derbyshire hills, 330
- limestone hills view from, 325
- to Scotland, rocks, 324
Derwent,
517, 520
Devizes to Cambridgeshire, Upper Greensand of, 222
Devonian and Old Red Sandstone, 99
- fossils, 100-103
Devonshire, cuim-measures, 123
Dickinson, Mr., on Dean Forest, Lancashire, and North Wales coal-fields, 597, 598
'Dirt-beds,' Purbeck, 203
Dogger Yorkshire, and equivalent, 194
Dolbadarn, roches moutonnées, 425-426
Dolomite and atolls, 149
Dora Baltea, moraine of, 375
- alluvia of, 543
Dordogne, caves of, mammals and man, 547
Downs, North and South, 337-340
Drifts, height of, 416-418
Durness, Silurian fossils of, 86
Dyfi river, 522
EARTH, internal temperature of, 50, 51
East and Mid-Lothian coal-fields, 128
Eccentricity of earth's orbit and glacial epochs, 377-380
Eccles, James, on temperature of
glacier ice, 365
Egan Sea, insects washed into, 164
Egerton, Sir Philip, on Rhitc fish, 162
Elevation and depression of land, 11,12
Elliot., Mr., on North Staffordshire coal-field, 597
England, East coast, shells in boulder-clay, 413
- - and South, waters of, 554
- - great flats of, 333
- Miocene features of, 356
- mountains, plains and tablelands, 323
- North of, and Scotland, coals of, 137
England, East coast, end Wales, typical section across, 802-305
- - - arrangement of formations in, 302-314
- - - mountain districts of, 315
- - - physical structure 324, 325
- - - retreat of glaciers, 429431
- scenery of, 350
- West coast and Wales, rivers of, 558
Eocene epoch, physical geography of, 255-258
- fauna, 352, 456
- formations and range of, 236-258, 312-314
- riverbeds, and those of Purbeck and Wealden, 238
- strata, denudation of, 346-350
- strata, earlier extension and outliers of, 318-320, 344-346
- unconformable on chalk, 237
Epochs, geological, meaning of, 258
Erratic boulders, 368, 369
- - East of England, 385-396
- - in Lower Silurian rocks, 83
Escarpments, 336-344
- and rivers, 499-502
- of chalk, origin of, 510, 532
- of Lias and Oolites, 167, 175, 178
Eskers, 386, 431, 445
Estuarine series, Lower Oolite, Mr. Judd on, 192, 193
Estuary shales, Loch Staffin, fossils of. 200
- - Oolitic, Hebrides, 199
Etheridge, Mr., on Permian shells, 147
- - - Yorkshire Oolites, 194
Europe, continental, Miocene fauna of, 265-269
Evans, Mr., on implements in Brixham cave, 480
FALCONER Dr., and Bone
caves, 462, 469, 470, 478
Faluns of Touraine, Miocene fauna of, 266
- - - marine shells of, 271
Faröe Islands, Miocene volcanic rocks and flora of, 264, 354
Fault at base of Grampians, 84, 85
Favre, Alphonse, on Rhone glacier, 441
Faxoe chalk, 234, 235
Fidra Island, 381
Fife and Kinross coal-field, 128
Filey Bay, Red Chalk of, 219, 220
Fiords and lochs, 447-453
Firestone, Upper Greensand, 223, 224
Fish and crustacea, Upper Ludlow rocks, 96
- of Old Red Sandstone, 104,113
Fishguard, Needle-rock, 488
Fitton, Dr., on Atherfield clay, &c., 201
Forbes,Professor E. on White Lias, Caspian and Black Sea faunas, 160,161
- - on insect limestone,' 164 [sic.]
- - on Loch Staffin Oolites, 199, 200
- - on Hempstead beds, 254
- - on Migrations of animals, 483
- - on Miocene plants, Mull, 354
- - on Purbeck beds, 201
Forest bed, flora and fauna, 358-360,456
Forest of Dean coal-field, an outher, 35
- - Wyre, coal-measures of, 123
- - - Permian strata, 142
- bed, Cromer, 276
- marble, range of, and fossils, 176, 180
Foliation and gneiss, 42
Foraminifera, &c., in Chalk, 226
Formations, British, table of, 29
Formation, epoch, series, remarks on, 282
Forth, and raised beach of, 528, 649
Fossilisation of shells, &c., 13, 14
Fossils, successive deposition of, 23-30
Foster, Mr., on Northumberland coal-field, 598
Flints and the Potteries, 609
France and Belgium, Eocene strata of, 256
Franz Joseph Land, Miocene volcanic rocks of, 354
Frome river, 511, 516
Frost., a disintegrater, 4
Fuchsel, George Christian, on succession of strata and fossils, 278, 281
Fuller's earth, rock, and fossils, 176
- - thinning out of, in Gloucestershire, 192
GAEL and Gwyddyl, 582-586
Galloway, tributary glaciers of, 399
Ganges, estuary of, 247, 256
Gastaldi, Professor, on moraine of Dora Baltea, 375
- - on lakes,
454, 543
Gault, 212
- and Upper Greensand, fossils common to, 224
- how deposited, 231
- range of and fossils, 218
Geikie, J., on fords, 449
- on interglacial
epochs, 459
- on lakes and fords, 454
- on palæolithic and neolithic implements, 544-546
Geikies, Professor, cited, 84
- - on fault at base of Gramplans, 85
- - on basalts of Mull, 200
- - on Clyde alluvia, and Roman docks, 550
- - on glacial phenomena, 454
- - on Kames, 445
- - on Lias of Skye, 199
- - on rivers of
Scotland, 526, 527
Geological time and unconformity, 36
- epochs, 96-98
Geological formations, 220
Geology, old notions and. definition of, 1
- and physical geography, relations of, 2
Glacier ice-currents, 407
- between Alps and Jura, 440
- cycles, cause of, 375-380
- episode, Permian, 143
- epoch, &c., 276, 361, 455
- lakes, 438-447
- Pass of Lianberis,
419-421
- pools, 392, 393
- striæ and roches moutonnées,
368,369
- submergence, emergence, and faunas, 457, 458
Glaciers and sediments, 5
- modern, 361-371
- movement of, 362-364
- of Alps, 361-366,
374, 375
- of Old Red Sandstone epoch, 111,112
- signs of in Britain, 372
Glamorganshire, Lias limestone of, 167
Glass-sand, 610
Gneiss and. foliation, 42
- different ages of, 45
- Laurentian, Canada, 47, 52
Godwin-Austen on Old Red Sandstone, 61, 105
- - on physical geography of Upper Cretaceous strata, 231234
- - on Kent's Hole, 477
- - on post-Pliocene strata, 457
Gold and Gogofau mines, 593, 594
Gower caves, Glamorganshire, 470
Graham Island, volcano, 79
Graig-ddrwg, view from, 406
Grampian Mountains, Lower Silurian rocks of, 84, 87
- and Lammerinuir Hills, formations between, 290, 295
Granites, veins of, 39, 40
Granites, composition of, 43
- origin of, 50-54, 615
Great Oolite
and fossils of, 176-18
- salt-lake, Utah, 155, 438
Great Valley (Loch Ness), rivers South of, 527
Greenland, Miocene flora of, 264
- if bared of snow, 453
Green slates and porphyries, mountains, 331
Grey wethers, 349, 350
Grinshill, view from, 309
Ground moraine, 395, 396
Gulf stream, 490-492, 494
Gwyn Jeffreys, on fossils of Coralline crag, 271
HAAST, Dr., on New Zealand lakes, 433
- - on New Zealand geology, 454
Hematite, 596
Harmer, F. W., on boulder-clays, 393
Harrison, Mr., on Thames at Kingston, 557
Hartley, Mr., on S. Stafford and Coalbrookdale coal-fields, &c., 597
Haldon hills, Upper Greensand of, 220
Hampshire basin, 236, 346
- coast, denudation of, 485
- fluvio-marine strata of, 255
Hartlepool and South Shields, Magnesian Limestone, 140
Hastings sands, 202, 205-207
Hauer, on Saint Cassian and Hallstatt beds, 159
Headon beds, 238, 241, 251-253
Heath, Mr. T., on Bone caves, Derbyshire, 467
Hebrides and glacier-ice, 382
- Lias and Oolites of, 199-200
- Miocene volcanic rocks and soils of, 263, 354-356
Hector, Dr., on New Zealand geology, 454
Heer, Professor, on Miocete plants of Bovey beds, 259, 261-263
- - - - Mull, 354
- - - fauna, 265-267
Helland Amund, on lakes and fords, 445, 449
Hempstead beds, 238, 254-255
Herodotus, 277
Hicks, Mr., and Cambrian fossils, 59-60
High Peak, Derbyshire, 325
Highgate, London clay, 245
Highlands, glaciers of, 398
- mountainous character of, 292, 300
Hilsby hill, 308
Himalayah, old glaciers of, 375
Hook on Earthquakes &c., 278-281
Holderness and boulder clays, 392-394
- and denudation, 484
Hopkins, Mr., on the Wye, 517
Hordwell cliffs, 251
Hornsea, glacial, 392
Houses of Parliament, and Magnesian Limestone, 611
Howell, Mr., on pre-glacial valley, 531
Hughes, Professor, and flint implements, 539-541
Hull, Professor, on Irish glaciers, 401
- - on rock-bound lakes, 446
Humber, 517-519
- and its tributary rivers, 334
- glacial, 393
- warps of, 542
Hunt, Dr. Sterry, cited, 150
- Mr., on coal-pit populations, and coal raised, 598
- - on duration of coal, 604
Hutton Captain, on New Zealand geology, 454
Hutton, Dr., his geological principles, 277, 279-280
Huxley, Professor, on early peoples of Britain, 580
ICEBERGS and boulder clay, 395
Iceland, Miocene volcanic rocks and flora of, 264, 354
Ice-sheet from Scotland, its extent, 384
Igneous rocks, proportions of in Britain, 18
- rocks, alteration of strata by, 39
- rocks and mountains, Wales, 303
- rocks, how distinguished, 19-21, 38-41
- rocks of Scottish coal-field, 127, 135
Industrial products, 590
Inferior Oolite range and fossils of, 173-176
- - Hebrides, 199
- - Sands and Upper Lias, passage of species through, 174
- - series, Yorkshire, 194-195
Ingleborough dip-slope of hills and valleys, 334-335
Ireland, Lingula and Tremadoc beds absent, 78
Iron ore, Inferior Oolite Sand, 192
- - Lias, 606
- - Lower Greensand, 217
- - Northampton, 606
Iron ore, Weald, 607
Islands, Lower Silurian, submersion of, 90-92
- and minor glaciers, 413
- in Jurassic sea, 166, 167
Isle of Man, and glacier-ice, 399
- of Purbeck, Portland Limestone of, 191
- - Upper Greensand near, 223
- Sheppey, fossils in London clay, 245
- Wight, Wealden strata of, 205
- - Upper Greensand of, 223
- - disturbance of strata, 346347
- - section across, 241
- - the Needles, 488
JACKSON, Mr., and Victoria cave, 464
Jet of Whitby, 172, 610
Jevons, Professor, on coal
question, 604
Jones, Basil, Bishop of Saint David's, cited, 683
Jordan, Mr. J. B., model of Thames valley, 529
.Judd, J. W., on Lower Oolite estuanne series, 192
- - Brora Oolites, 198-199
- - Cretaceous rocks of Mull, 227-228
- - Miocene volcanos of Hebrides, 263-264
- - Neocomian and Portlandian beds, 212-213
- - volcanic lakes, 438
Jukes, Professor, on Devonian and Carboniferous rocks, 99
- - lakes, 446, 454
- - plains of marine denudation, 499
Jura and under-ground rivers, 474
Jurassic series, 166-200
KAMES, Scotland and England, 386
Kaolin, 608
Kelloway Rock, and fossils of, 184-185
Kent and Lune rivers, glacial striations, 399
Kentish rag, 214
Kent's Hole (cave), 476-478
Keuper marls, 152, 160
- Sandstone Brora,
198
- - escarpments, 308
- - Lossiemouth, 155
- - fossils, 153
Kimeridge Clay and fossils,
187-190,197,206
Kinder Scout, 326-327
King, Professor, on Magnesian Limestone, 140
LAKES and areas of depression, 437-438
- and denudations, 435
- and fractures and
disturbance, 434-436
Lakes and glacier-ice, 438-447
- and Kames, 386
- and latitudes, 453
- and physical geography, 444-447
- and red rocks, 61
- British, glacier-scooped, 444
- Europe, Scandinavia, Finland, &c., 445
- glacier-scooped Swiss and Italian, 443
- moraine-dammed, 432
- near Ivrea, 432
- North America, 116, 444
- of Geneva, 439-443
- of the Alps, 438-443
- rock-bound, glacial origin of, 432-447
- rock-bound, North Wales, 445
- - Cumberland, 446
- - Scotland, 446-447
- - Ireland, 446
La Madelaine, Dordogne, and the Mammoth, 471
Lammermuir hills, &c., Lower Silurian rocks of, 83
- - denudation of, 301
Lanarkshire and Ayrshire coalfield, 128
Lancashire, Permian strata, 142
Land, elevation and depression of, 11-12
Landslips and denudation, 33-34, 327-330
Land plants in uppermost Silurian beds, 105
- lizards in Magnesian Conglomerate, 154-155
Lane Fox, Colonel, on Thames gravel mammalia and flint weapons, 539
Lartet and Christie, on Caves of Dordogne, 547-548
Laurentian gneiss, Canada, 47-52
- and Cambrian rocks, Scotland,
55-56,85
Lead mines, 594
Leech, Mr. T.,and flint weapons,539
Lias and Oolitic series, 166-200
- and Oolites, outliers of, 316
Lias Brora, 198
- divisions of, 309
- fossils of, 168-172
- Hebrides, 199
- Lower, range and escarpments of, 167
- seas and assemblages of life in, 172, 311
Lignite and underclay, Eocene, Isle of Wight, 256
- Western Isles, 355 Limestone, how formed, 16-18
Limestones, Upper Silurian of England, 93
Lingula and Tremadoc beds absent in Ireland, 78
- flags, fossils of, 63
- - thinning out of, 77
Lincolnshire, Inferior Oolite of, 192
Lister, geological ideas of, 277
Lianberis, thickness of glacier, 424
Llandeilo and Bala,beds and fossils of, 71-74
- - - volcanic rocks of, 71, 75-77
Liandovery rocks, Lower and Upper, 89
Llangollen, Upper Silurian rocks of, 93
Lleyn, glaciation of, 409
-- shell-beds of, 414
Llyn Llydaw glacier, 422
Llyn-du'r Arddu
glacier, 423
Llyn Idwal glacier, 423
- Padarn and Llyn Peris glacier, 425-426
Loch Broom, 449
- Erriboll, 449
- Etive, 451
- Fyne and glacier, 398, 451
- Katrine, water
of, 553
- Lomond, once a fiord, 448
- Staffin, oolites of, 199-200
Lodes, metalliferous, 592-596
Logan, Sir W., cited, 150
- - on American lakes, 454
London and Hampshire Eocene basins, 236
London clay, and fossils of, 238, 244-248, 255, 312
- - Septaria, 245
Longmynd and Shelve and Upper Liandovery rocks, 91
- and Wales, Cambrian rocks, 58-61
Lonsdale on Devonian rocks, 99
Lossiemouth, Keuper Sandstone fossils, 155
Lower Greensand, range of, 212-217
- - fossils of, 214-218
- - how deposited, 231
- - iron ore of, 217
- Lias, 167-169
- - passage into Maristone, 169
- Oolitic Northamptonshire &c., estuarine conditions of, 193
- - series, group of fossils of, 179
- - theory of, 195-197
- Silurian, South Wales, 72
- - Scotland, 83-87
- - volcanos, 81 -82
Lowlands, physical character of, 292
Lowestoft, Boulder-clay and sand, 396
Lune river, 522
Lyell, Sir C., on changes of climate, 376
- - on 'Insect limestone,' 164
- - on lakes, 454
- - on plants of Hempstead beds, 254
Lyme Regis, Lias limestone of, 167
MACCLESFIELD, sbells in sand and gravel, 413
Maestricht chalk, 234
Maggiore and Como, lakes of, once fords, 451
Magnesian Conglomerate, Keuper, 153
- Limestone, 139-142
- - escarpment, 331, 333
- - formed in salt lake, 149-151
- -
Gypsum, &c., in, 150
Magnesian Limestone unconform able to Carboniferous strata, 142
Malldraeth marsh, Anglesey, 404, 410
Maim-rock, Upper Greensand, 223
Malvern Hills, view from, 315,316
Mammalia, migrations
of, 456-459
Mammals of Purbeck beds, 204
Man, his advent, 481
- pre-glacial in Britain?
546, 547
Manchester, Permian fossils, 142
Mantell, Dr., on Weald, 201, 206
Marbles, 615
Marine life and salts in sea, 560
Märjelen See, 424
Maristone escarpments, 167
- or Middle
Lias, 169-171
Maury, Captain,on ocean currents, 378
Mawddach estuary, a fiord? 449
- glacier of, 405
McHenry, Rev. J., on Kent's Hole, 476, 477
Mellard, Reade, on. salts in rivers,
559
Mello, Rev. J. M., on Bone caves,
Derbyshire, 467
Mitchell, on earthquakes, 278
Moore, Charles, cited, 163
Morton, Mr., on ice-grooves, 400
Murchison and Sedgwick, Cambrian and Silurian rocks, 56
- - on Devonian rocks, 99
Sir R., Liandeilo flags and limestones, 72
- - - on Brora Oolites, 198
- - - on Permian strata, 140
- - - on Silurian rocks of Durriess, 86
Menai Straits, glaciation of, 403, 408-411
- - how formed, 410
- bridges, 612
Mendip Hills and Caves, 473-476
Men evian beds, fossils
of, 62, 63
Meuse, human skeletons in alluvia, 548
Merionethshire, Cambrian rocks
and denudation, 321-323
Merionethshire, glaciation of, 406
Mersey ice-grooves, 400
- water of, 554
Metamorphic rocks and theory of, 40-54
Microlestis antiquus, and Mendip Hills, 163
Middle Oolites, 183-186
- - Hebrides, 199
Midland of England, character of, 315
Millepore bed, Yorkshire, 194
Millstone grit, 120
- - escarpments of, Derbyshire, &c., 324, 325
- - waters of, 554
Miocene Alpine strata, deposition and disturbance of, 508
- and Pliocene, 352-360
- epoch, 259-269
- epoch, mountains of, 263
- fauna fragmentary, 267
- fauna probable in British area,
264, 267-269, 274, 275
- flora and fauna, 353-357, 456
- flora and insects, Switzerland, 263
- floras, northern types of, 263,
264, 268
- lake of Rhine valley and fauna, 268
- lakes, Switzerland, 263
- rocks, and volcanos, 354-356
- strata, Bovey Tracey, 260
Mississippi, area of drainage, 560
Moel Tryfan shell-beds and moraines, 414-416
Moraines, 364-369
Moraine profonde, 395
Moselle, and tablelands of, 499, 525, 526, 533, 535
Mountain chains, old glaciers of, .375
Mountains of Europe, of pre- and post-Wealden epoch, 210, 211
Mud and clay, how formed, 10
Mull, Miocene flora of, 264
Muschelkalk, 152
NANT-FFRANCON glaciers,
407, 408, 423
Nant-Gwynant glacier, 422
Neocomian strata, 201, 212
Newberry, Dr., on American lakes, 454
Newcastle coal-field, 126
- - on-Tyne, glacial, 387
New Red Series, 152, 154, 308, 309, 330, 331
- - and Lias plains, 333
- - Marl, fossils of, 155, 156
- - - and Lower Lias, transition to, 160-165
- - Sandstone and Marl, 152158
New Zealand, glaciers of, 375
Niagara Falls and denudation, 31
Nith and Annan, Permian breccias, 142-143
Nordenskiold, Professor, on lakes of Finland, 445
North America, glaciation of, 372
- - table-land of, 499
Northampton, Inferior Oolite and Sands of, 192
Northamptonshire to Yorkshire, Lower Oolites of, 191-200
Northern Counties, Old Red Sandstone of, 110
Northmore, Mr., and Kent's Hole, 476
North Staffordshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire coal-fields, 125, 126
- - Permian strata, 142
- Wales, coal-fields, 124
- - glaciers of, 401-411, 419-428
- - volcanic rocks of, 75
- of England, glaciated, 382
Northumberland coal-field, 127
Norwich Crag, and fossils of, 270, 275, 276
Norway and Scotland, fords of, 448
Nottingham, Derbyshire, and Yorkshire coal-field, 126
OCEAN currents, 378
Ochil and Campsie Hills, 528
Ochil Hills, escarpment of, 296-297
Oldhaven beds, 244
Old Red Sandstone, 103-110
- - - and Godwin-Austen, 61
- - - Conglomerates of, 111
- - - and Carboniferous, rocks, Scotland, preservation of, 298, 299
- - - and Devonian, 99, 302305
- - - epoch, scenery of,113_118 - fossils of, 113-117
- - - freshwater deposit, 105-109
- - - passage into Carboniferous series, 305
- - - Scotland, 86
- - - Scotland, denudations of, 295-297
- - - South Wales, 117
- - - volcanic rocks of, 111, 116, 291
- - - waters of, 553
Olivi, geological ideas of, 277
Oolites, Brora, 108, 199
- and Lias, Upper Cretaceous overlap on, 312
- North of Humber, denudation of, 519
Oolitic Series, 173-200, 309
- and Liassic rocks, original extension of, 313-316
- escarpment, 331
- formations, overlaps of Cretaceous strata on, 183, 101
- lirnestones, waste of, 562 plateaux, 511
- rocks, minor scarps of, 318
- series, of waters, 45
- table-land, and valleys in, 316
- - waste and denudation of, 311
Ores of metals, 592-596
Orkney Islands and denudation, 488
Orosius, on fossil shells, 277
Osborne Beds and fossils, 238, 252
Ouse, Bedfordshire, gravels, flint hatchets, and mammals, 539
Ouse, Sussex, alluvia of, 542
- Yorkshire, 517, 519, 532
Outliers, explanation of, 35
-
Bristol coal-field, 35
- Forest of Dean, 35
Owen, Professor, on Oolitic epoch, 197
- - on
marsupials of Purbeck, 205
Oxford Clay, 197
- - range of, 183-185
- - Battle, 206
- -
Hebrides, 199
PACIFIC, Calcareous mud in,
226
Palæozoic epoch, 307
Palissy, Bernard, on fossil shells, 277-278
Parker, Mr., and Wookey Hole, 475
Passage of Silurian into Old Red Sandstone, 104
Paviland cave, 470-472
Peach, Mr.,Silurian fossils, Sutherland, 61, 86
Peckforton Hills, 308
Pembrokeshire, denudation of,
487,488
Penarth, Rhætic beds, 159
Pengelly, Mr., on plants of Hempstead beds, 254
- - on Bone caves, 478, 479
- - on Bovey beds, 259, 260
Pennine chain, waters of, 554
Pentamerus beds, 89
Pentuan, human skulls, 541
Permian series, 139-151
- and New Red epochs and Central Asia, 157
- and New Red Sandstone, waters of, 554
- Labyrinthodonts and lizards, 145
- fishes, 146
- physical geography, 145-151
- plants, 145
- pseudomorphs of salt, gypsum, 146
Permian rocks, 306-308
- shells, 147
- sun-cracks and rain-pittings, 146
Phillips, Professor, on denudation of Holderness, 484
Physical geography and geology, relations of, 2
- - - Cambrian epoch, &c., 67
- - - Lower Silurian, 77-81,8687
- - Carboniferous, 133-138
- - Lower Oolites, 195-197
- - old continental phase of, 157
- - Purheck and Wealden epoch,
202,208-211
Physiography before glacial epoch, 503
Pictish Gael, 582
Pipe-clays, Eocene, 609
Plains of marine denudation, 341343, 496-499
Plants and lignite, Inferior Oolite Sands, 192
Playf air, on Hutton's generalizations, 280
- - lakes, 437
Pliny, 277
Pliocene strata, 270-276
Plot, Dr., geological ideas of, 277
Pont-y-gromlech, roche rnoutonnée
and blocs perchés, 427
Portland beds, and fossils, 186,
190,191,202-206
Post-glacial rivers, 531
Pre-glacial valleys and coal, 531
Prestwich, Professor, on Thanet sand, 239
- - - Bristol coal-field, 597
- - - Brixham cave, 479, 480
- - - flint implements and mammoth, 538
- - - fossils of Crag, 271, 275, 357
- - - Oldhaven beds, 244
- - - shells between boulder. clays, 413
- - - tertiary outliers, North Downs, 345
Prestwich, Professor, on Thames at Kingston, 557, 558
Price, Williams Mr., on duration of coal, 604
Primitive strata, so-called, 43-45
- - old theory of, 86
Pseudomorphs of salt crystals, and sun-cracks, 160
Purbeck and Wealden series, 201, 211, 310
- beds, fossils of, 203-205
- Isle, disturbance of strata, 347
- limestone, 187, 202
-
marble, 203
- - outliers of, Buckinghamshire, &c., 209
Purfield beds, 223
RACES of men in Britain, 579589
Radiation of heat and shrinkage of earth's crust, 45, 46, 49
Rain and rivers, Wealden, 34-344
Rainfalls, Britain, 492-494
Rathlin and glacier-ice,
399
Ray, on degradation of land, 10
Reculvers, denudation at, 485
Red chalk, 213
Reid, Mr., on denudation of Cromer coast, 484
- Crag and fossils of, 270, 271
- rocks and lakes, 61
Rhætic beds, and fossils of, 158-165, 309
- - Brora, 198
Rhine, 499, 526, 543
Rhone, delta of, 426
- glacier, thickness of, 440
Ribble, 522
- Fells near, glacial striations, 399
- north of, shell-beds, 414
Riley, Dr., and Stutchbury, fossils in Magnesian conglomerate 153--155
Rivers and valleys, geological dates of, 496-529
- and gravels, 530, 536-542
- areas of drainage, 584
Rivers, Celtic names of, 552
- channels and curves 534-536
- East and South of England, salts in, 558
- - fauna and flint weapons of, 537-541
- France, initial flow of, 508
- of Wales, 522-526
- of World, salts in, 560
- valleys, and glacial epoch, 530-533
- waters, qualities of, 552
Road metals, 612
Rocks, aqueous and igneous, 3
- analyses of, 48
- different ages of, 22, 30
- metamorphic, 40, 54
Rock-salt of Keuper lake, 155
- - and gypsum, 614, 615
Rockingham, Inferior Oolite, 192
Rogers, Professor, on salts in springs, 556
Romford, boulder-clay, 394
Romney Marsh, 338
Roy, General,and Roman docks, 550
Running water, transport of sediment by, 6
Rutlandshire, Inferior Oolite of, 192
Rütimeyer,Professor, on old Alpine glaciers, 440
SABLES DE BRACHEUX, Paris basin, 240
Salt lakes of New Red epoch, 155, 156
Sanders, William, on Ichthyosanrus platyodon, 162
Sands, with Amm. Jurensis, Yorkshire, their equivalents, 194
Sanford, Mr., andWookey Hole, 475
Sarsen and Druid stones, 350
Scandinavia, its mountains, 210
- old glaciers of, 374
Scandinavians, 585
Scarborough Limestone, and Inferior Oolite, 195
Schinerling, Dr., on Bone caves, Meuse, 547
Scilla, geological ideas of, 277
Scotland, Old Red Sandstone, 86, 110, 284, 286-291
- age of mountains of, 404
- basins of Loch Doon, &c., 292
- Carboniferous rocks of, 284, 290-291
- coal-fields of, 127
- denudation of Highlands, 287, 288
- gneiss, &c., of, 283
- Highlands, mountain heights of, 293-295
- - and glacial epoch, 382-384
- ice-stream from, 408
- later glaciers of, 428
- Laurentian, Cambrian and Silurian rocks, 83-87, 283-286
- Lias and Oolite of, 284 - Lowlands of, 290
- origin of scenery of, 291, 301
- Permian rocks of, 284
- physical structure of, 283-301
- river waters of, 55
- section across Sutherland and Caithness, 285
- - - the Grampian and Lammermuir Hills, 287-290, 295-299
- soils of, 563, 564
- Southern Highlands, and heights of, 292, 293
- strike of formations of, 527
- watershed and rivers of, 527529
Scuir of Eigg, 356
Searles, Wood, on Ooralline Crag, 271
- glacial deposits, 391
Sea-cliffs, waste of, 8
- caverns, 549
- sand, how formed, 9
-
solutions in, 562
- terraces, 548-551
- waves and denudation, 34
Seaton, glacial, 387
Seaham, 391
Secondary and Eocene strata, dip of, &c., 323, 504-506
- strata, disturbance of, 346
Sedgwick, Prof., atid Murchison, Cambrian and Silurian rocks, 67
- - Arenig beds, 69
- - on Devonian rocks, 99
- - on Magnesian limestone, 140
- - on
William Smith, 281
Sediments, transported by glaciers, 5
- - - running water, 6
- how distributed, 10
Seine, 533, 535
Selsey Bill, waste of, 486
Serpentines, 615
Seven Springs, Thames, 515, 556
Severn, 503-510, 542, 554
Shap
granite, boulders, 385
Shells, &c., how fossilized, 13, 16
- in glacial beds, 395, 412-418
Sheppey Isle, denudation of, 485
Shingle, how formed, 9
Shrewsbury, Permian strata, 142
Shrinkage of earth's crust, 45, 46, 49
Sidlaw Hills, 528
Silures, 580-582
Silurian rocks, England and Wales, 302-305
Siston river, 511
Skene, Mr., on Celtic populations and names, 580, 586
- - King Arthur, 587
Skertchly, Mr., on boulder-clay, 394-396
- - antiquity of man, 481, 482
- - flint implements, 544
Skiddaw slates, 70
Skye, Miocene volcanic rocks and flora of, 264
Slate quarries, Wales, 590-592
Smith, William, on Sands of Inferior Oolite, 174
- - Fuller's earth, 176
- - Keiloway rock, 184
- - Succession of life in time, 281
Smythe, Admiral, and volcano of Graham Island, 79
Snowdon, &c., volcanic rocks of, 76
Snowdon to East of England, structure and physiography,
330, 331
Snowdon, glaciers of, 407, 408 421-428
Soils, 563-578
- boulder-clay and silt, 576-578
- Charnwood Forest, 568
- Cretaceous
series, 572-576
- Eocene beds, 576
- Lias and Oolites, 570-572
- Lickey Hills, 568
- loams, 573
- New Red Series, 569, 570
- North of England, 564-566
- North of Scotland,
563
- Secondary rocks, 569-576
- Wales, 566-568
- Wealden, 573
Solar evaporation, concentration of salts by, 146
Solent, 516
- Eocene strata of, 347
Somme, river, gravels of, 538
Sorby, Mr., on minerals and rocks, 53, 54
Sound of Jura, glacier, 398
South Staffordshire, Old Red Sandstone of, 117
- - coal-measures of, 124
- - Permian strata, 142, 143
South Wales, Lower Silurian rocks of, 72
- - glaciation of, 402
- - Old Red Sandstone of, 117
Southern hemisphere, glacial epoch there, 378
- Highlands glaciated, 382
Species, change of, and geological time, 36
Speeton clay, 213
Spitzbergen, Miocene flora of, 264
- - volcanic rocks of, 354
Stanley,
Bishop, on OefnOave, 496
St. Bride's Bay, denudation of, 487
- Cassian and Hallstatt beds, 159
-
David's, volcanic rocks of, 77
- Lawrence, area of drainage, 560
- Paul's and Portland stone, 190, 611
Steno, on fossils, 278
Stiper Stones, 72
- - volcanic rocks near, 77
Stonehenge, 350
Stonesfield slate and fossils, 176-178
Stoppani, on Infra Lias, 158
Strabo, 277
Straits of Dover, 516
Strata, how consolidated, 12
-
alteration of, 39
- how formed and arranged, 1317
Strath Dearn and Strath Spey, 527
Stratified formations, succession of, 24-30
Succession of stratified formations, 24, 30
Suess, on St. Cassian and Hallstatt beds, 159
Suilven, Canisp, and Coulmore, 289, 300
- view of lakes from, 447
Suncracks in Rhtic strata, 160
Sunderland, glacial, 388-390
Surturbrand, Iceland, 264
Sussex marble, 207
Sutherland, Cambrian rocks of, 61
- Silurian
fossils of, 61
Swale, 519
Swallow-holes and under-ground rivers, 473, 474
Swindon, Portland beds of, 191
- grey wethers, 349
Switzerland, Miocene fauna of, 265-267
TABLE of British formations, 29
Tay, 528
Teddington, Thames water passing, 556
Tees, 520
Teifi, 522
Teith, 528
Temperature, internal of earth, 50,51
Teutonic invasions,
587
Thames river basin, 238
- and escarpments, 513, 532
- Herne Bay, flint hatchets, 539
- river, terraces of, 536-538
- salts in solution in, 556-558
Thanet sand and fossils, 238-242, 312
The Gododin, 587
Thompson, Mr., on reptiles, 483
Thuringia, Permian, breccialed conglomerates of, 143
Tiddeman, Mr. R. H., on ice-sheet, 399,400
- - on Victoria cave, 464-466, 544
Till, 384-393
Towey, 522
Traeth Bach and Traeth Mawr, glaciers of, 407
Tremadoc slates, fossils of, 65-66
Trent, 517
Trimmer, Mr., on shells in Drift, North Wales, 417
Tweed, 528
Tyne, 520, 530
- alluvia of, 542
Tynemouth, glacial, 388
UNCONFORMABLE stratification, definition of, 35
Unconformity and geological time, 36
- Cretaceous on Oolitic strata, 506
- Upper Liandovery on older strata, 89-92
Upper Greensand, 212
- - changes in character of, 224
- - fossils of, 224, 225
- - range of, 220-224
- Lias, lithological character and range of, 171
- Liandovery rocks, Builth, 92
- Oolites and fossils, 186-191
- Silurian fossils, 94-97
- - land plants of, 105
- - near Caer Caradoc and Wenlock, 93
- - passage into Old Red Sandstone, 305
- - series, 88
VALE OF AYLESBURY, Portland beds of, 191
Vale of Clwyd and boulder-clay,
470, 526
- Eden, 324, 520-522
- - Permian strata of, 142, 307
- - structure of country east of, 332-335
- Tisbury, Portland Limestone of, 191
Valleys, Forth and Clyde, 527, 528
- how formed, 327-330
- Loch Ness, 527
- of denudation, 32-33
- of Yorkshire, their origin, 334335
- river excavation of, 534-537
- Tyne and Solway, 527
Victoria cave, 464-467
Vitrified
forts, 613
Vivian, Mr. E., and Kent's Hole, 477
- Mr. H. on South Wales coalfield, 597
Volcanic ashes, how distinguished, 22
- dust of Cumbria, 81
- rocks of Old Red Sandstone, 111
- rocks, Lower Silurian, 71,75-77
- - Breidden Hills, 77
- - Builth, 72, 77
- - near Saint
David's, 77
- - near Stiper Stones, 77
- - North Wales, 75
Volcano Graham Island, 79
Volcanos, Lower Silurian, 81, 82
- near the sea, 80
- roots of, 75-77
WALES, &c., O1d Red Sandstone,
103,104
- age of mountains of, 405
- and West of England, denudation of palæozoic strata, 321
- churches and Gaelic Saints, 584
- partial Cretaceous submergence of, 506
- Rivers of, 553
- valleys of, 522-529
Ward, J. C., on volcanic dust of Cumbria, 81
- - - rock-bound lakes, 446
Warwickshire coal-field, 124
- Permian strata and fossils, 142
Wash, rivers and plain of, 333, 517
- alluvia of, 542 Waste of sea-cliffs, 8
- - strata by denudation, amounts of, 34
Waveney, river gravels, flint weapons, &c., 539
Weald of Kent and Surrey, 202-208
- clay, thickness of, 207
- denudation of, and time,344-346
- - marine bands in, 208
- not
an old bay, 338-340
- rivers of, 341-344
Wealden epoch, physical geography of, 202, 206, 208-211
- anticlinal, 237
- boulder-clay, absent in, 53
- denudation of, 336-346
- epoch, vegetation and animals of, 210
- fossils, 207
- grey wethers, 349, 350
- - land of, 209-211
- Upper Greensand of, 223,
224
Wear, 520, 530
Weaver, 522
Welland, 517
Wenlock, Upper Silurian rocks of, 93
- alluvia of, 542
Werner, 279
West coast-cliffs, denudation of, 488
Westminster Abbey and Bath Stone, 611
Wharfe, 519
Whitaker, Mr., and flint implements, 541
White Lias, Lyme Regis, 159
- - fauna, analogous to Caspian fauna, 160, 161
Willett, Mr., and Wookey Hole, 474
Williamson, Rev. I., and Wookey Hole, 474
Winds of Lower Silurian epoch, 81
Witham, 517
Wood, Colonel, and Gower caves, 470
- Searles P., on boulder-clays, 893
Woodhouse, Mr., on Leicestershire, Yorkshire, and other coal-fields, 597
Woodward, geological ideas of, 277
Woodward, H. B., on Bovey beds, 259,260
- - - - Chillesford Clay, 276
Wookey Hole, 474
Woolwich and Reading beds and fossils, 238, 242-244, 248, 312
Wren, Sir Christopher,and Portland stone, 611
Wright, Dr., on Avicula contorta
zone, 158, 159
- - - Cephalopoda bed, 174
Wye and Usk, 500
- Derbyshire, 517, 518
Wynn, Mrs., and Oem Cave, 469
YELLOW Sandstone, Carboniferous, 119
Yellowstone lake, 438
Y-Graig-ddrwg, view from,
321
Yoredale rocks, 119
- - and Millstone Grit, Yorkshire, east slope of, 332-335
York and Tees, plain of, and alluvia, 334, 542
Yorkshire, North Riding, Lias and Oolites of, 193
- coast, denudation of, 487
- glacial deposits, 391
- Oolites and escarpment, 335
- rivers of,
519
Youle Hind, Professor, on iceaction, Labrador, 396, 391
Young, Professor, 281