THE FACE OF THE EARTH

(DAS ANTLITZ DER ERDE)

BY

EDUARD SUESS

Professor of Geology in the University of Vienna
Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London

Translated by

Hertha B. C. Sollas

Ph. D. Heidelberg; of Newnham College, Cambridge

under the direction of

W. J. Sollas

Sc. D. (Cantab.), LL. D. (Dublin), M.A. (Oxon.), F.R.S.
Fellow of University College, Oxford
Professor of Geology in the University of Oxford



VOL. IV




OXFORD

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1909

This electronic edition prepared by Dr. David C. Bossard
from original documents in his personal library.

December, 2005.

Copyright © 2005 by David C. Bossard.

CONTENTS.
PART V
The Face of the Earth (Continued)

Chapter L Entry of the Altaides into Europe.  1  001  002  003  004  005  006  007  008  009  010  011  012  013  014  015  016  017  018  019  020  021  022  023  024  025  026  027  028  029  030  031  032  033  034  035  036  037  038  039  040  041
The European Altaides. The horst of Azov. Prolongation of the Caucasus. The Crimea and Bulgarian platform. Balkans and Carpathians. The Cimmerian mountains. Summary. Alien fractures in the Variscan arc.

Chapter IL Armorica and the American Altaides.  42   042  043  044  045  046  047  048  049  050  051  052  053  054  055  056  057  058  059  060  061  062  063  064  065  066  067  068  069  070  071  072  073  074  075  076  077  078  079  080  081  082  083  084  085  086  087  088
The western border of the Central Plateau. Brittany. Younger folding. Extension of the London basin. Transatlantic Aitaides. Relations in the pre-Carboniferous period. Stratified series in the Carboniferous system. Appalachians as far as the Mississippi. Atlantic and Pacific characters. Appalachians beyond the Mississippi. The North Atlantic Ocean.

Chapter III. The African Altaides.  89  089  090  091  092  093  094  095  096  097  098  099  100  101  102  103
The inland sea of Africa. The Central Sahara. The Altaides of the Sahara. The Great Atlas.

Chapter IV. The Alps. I Western Part.  104  104  105  106  107  108  109  110  111  112  113  114  115  116  117  118  119  120  121  122  123  124  125  126  127  128  129  130  131  132  133  134  135  136  137  138  139  140  141  142  143  144  145  146  147
Situation of the Alps. Progress of investigation. Division of the Alps. Zone of mont Blanc. The Carboniferous fan and the Briançonnais. Recumbent sheets. The Glarus. The Simplon and Tessin. Ivrea. From the Dora Baltea to the Gesso. From the Gesso to the sea. The Alps in Corsica. Relations to the Apennines.

Chapter V. The East Alps.  148  148  149  150  151  152  153  154  155  156  157  158  159  160  161  162  163  164  165  166  167  168  169  170  171  172  173  174  175  176  177  178  179  180  181  182  183  184  185  186  187  188  189  190  191  192  193
Southern boundary of the East Alps. The Lepontine sheets. Selvretta. Alps on the Mur. Oetz, Ortler. Disgrazia, Bernina. Laas. Tauern. East Limestone Alps. Flysch and Lepoutine belt.

Chapter VI. Posthumous Altaldes.  194  194  195  196  197  198  199  200  201  202  203  204  205  206  207  208  209  210  211  212  213  214  215  216  217  218  219  220  221  222  223  224  225  226  227  228  229  230  231  232  233  234  235  236  237  238  239  240  241  242  243  244  245  246  247  248
1. The Alps. Their continuation to the north-east and east. Their continuation to the south and south-west. 2. The folds of Provence. 3. The Pyrenees.

Chapter VII. Laurentla and the Northern Islands. 249  249  250  251  252  253  254  255  256  257  258  259  260  261  262  263  264  265  266  267
1. The United States chain. 2. Laurentia. Greenland. 3. Islands of the north Atlantic. Iceland.

Chapter VIII. African Fractures. Cape mountains.  268  269  270  271  272  273  274  275  276  277  278  279  280  281  282  283  284  285  286  287  288  289  290
1. African fractures. East Africa to lake Rudolf. Lake Rudolf to Syria. Summary. Cameroons. Plan of the African fractures. 2. Cape mountains.

Chapter IX. The Oceanides.  291  291  292  293  294  295  296  297  298  299  300  301  302  303  304  305  306  307  308  309  310  311  312  313  314  315  316  317  318  319  320  321  322  323  324  325  326  327
Relations of the Oceanides to the south. Fore-deeps forming the boundaries of Asia. The line of Ruahine, Kermadec, and Tonga. The first Australian arc. New Guinea to New Caledonia. Second Australian arc. The Carolines, Fiji. Third Australian arc. Virgation coming from New Zealand. Polynesia. Paumotu, Raroia, Samoa. Summary. Atolls.

Chapter X. Entry of the Asiatic Island Festoons into America.  328  328  329  330  331  332  333  334  335  336  337  338  339  340  341  342  343  344  345  346  347  348  349  350  351  352  353  354  355  356  357  358  359  360  361  362  363  364  365  366  367  368  369  370  371  372  373  374  375  376  377  378
Introduction. Taimyr. 1. Anadyrides. Arc of Verkhoiansk. Delta of the Lena. Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma. Penshina and Anadyr. 2. Alaskides. Romanzof range. Seward and Chuchken peninsulas. Alaska range. Peninsula of Alaska. Aleutian islands. Kenai range. Summary.

Chapter XI. The End of the Island Festoons. Introduction.  379  379  380  381  382  383  384  385  386  387  388  389  390  391  392  393  394  395  396  397  398  399  400  401  402  403  404  405  406  407  408  409  410  411  412  413  414  415  416  417  418
1. Rocky mountains, south and southeast. Wyoming and Montana. Mackenzie river. Entry of the Rocky mountains into the syntaxis. 2. Beginning of the Intermediate range. Wrangell volcanos. The Columbian granodiorite. 3. Elias range. Alexander archipelago. 4. Continuation of the Intermediate range. Vancouver. Transverse section in lat. 49° N. Cascade range.

Chapter XII. The Appearance of the Andes.  419   419  420  421  422  423  424  425  426  427  428  429  430  431  432  433  434  435  436  437  438  439  440  441  442  443  444  445  446  447
Klamath. Californian Coast ranges. Lower California. South border of the Colorado plateau. Mexico. Stratified succession of the Intermediate range.

Chapter XIII The System of the Andes; its twofold advance.  448  448  449  450  451  452  453  454  455  456  457  458  459  460  461  462  463  464  465  466  467  468  469  470  471  472  473  474  475  476  477  478  479  480  481  482  483  484  485  486  487  488  489  490  491  492  493  494  495  496  497
Chiapas, Guatemala, Honduras. The volcanos. Panama. First advance. Backward bend towards South America. Ecuador, Peru. Cordillera Real, Argentine Chains. Cordillera de los Andes and Cordillera de la Costa. Sierra de la Ventana. Patagonia. Second advance. Summary.

Chapter XIV. Analyses.  498  498  499  500  501  502  503  504  505  506  507  508  509  510  511  512  513  514  515  516  517  518  519  520  521  522  523  524  525  526  527  528  529  530  531  532  533  534  535  536  537  538  539  540  541  542
Analysis of the plan. Linking and syntaxis. Significance of the foredeeps. Folding. Backfolding and disappearance of the folds in the Asiatic structure. Analysis of the arcs. Analysis of certain transverse sections.

Chapter XV. The Depths.  543  543  544  545  546  547  548  549  550  551  552  553  554  555  556  557  558  559  560  561  562  563  564  565  566  567
Classification of the depths. Emission of gas, batholites, ores. Intrusion by melting through. Passive lateral injection. Green stones.

Chapter XVI. Origin and Arrangement of Volcanos.  568  568  569  570  571  572  573  574  575  576  577  578  579  580  581  582  583  584  585  586  587  588  589  590
Phreatic explosions. Association with dykes. South African funnels. Distribution of the volcanos. Volcanic lines. Atlantic and Pacific lavas.

Chapter. XVII. The Moon.  591  591  592  593  594  595  596  597  598  599  600  601  602  603  604  605  606  607  608  609  610  611  612  613  614  615  616  617  618  619  620  621  622  623  624  625  626  627  628  629  630  631  632  633  634  635  636
Hypotheses. Retrospect. The moon. Lunar and terrestrial sea basins. Separation of the moon and its consequences. Isostatic compensation of mountains. Compensation of continents. Compensation, in general. Contraction of the earth's body. Retrospect.

Chapter XVIII. Life. Introduction.  637-673  637  638  639  640  641  642  643  644  645  646  647  648  649  650  651  652  653  654  655  656  657  658  659  660  661  662  663  664  665  666  667  668  669  670  671  672  673
The strand. History of the Caspian sea. Appearance of placental mammals. Asylums.
ILLUSTRATIONS

NOTE: High resolution (400 ppi)  images of the text illustrations are available here.

1. The Strait of Kertch.  13
2. The spur of Valeni.  21
3. The Coal basin of Dohlen near Dresden.  40
4. The western border of the Central Plateau near Brive.  44
5. The Armorican peninsula.  46
6. The syncline of Mnez-Bélair cut through by the anticline of Dinan.  47
7. Malvern hills.  52
8. Abberley hills.  53
9. The fractures of Lorraine and Luxembourg.  54
10. Overthrusts on the concave curve of the Appalachians.  72
11. The Atlantic belt between Washington and Baltimore.  75
12. The Cretaceous platforms of Texas.  79
13. The Schleifstein range.  83
14. Sierra Comanche and Davis mountains.  86
15. The Recumbent Folds of Sulens and les Annes.  116
16. Folds of Mont Joly.  117
17. The Simplon Tunnel3  124
18. The Cottian Alps.  136
19. Section taken from east and west through the Vicentine Tertiary region.  150
20. The Valley of the Aude.  235
21. Gavarnie and the French frontier near Mont Perdu.  242
22. Pebbles from the mainland on the basalt cliff of Dun Beag.  262
23. The north-west peninsula of Iceland.  265
24. Earthquakes in Iceland.  266
25. Faults on lake Nyassa.  269
26. The delta of the Lena.  334
27. The mountains of Verkhoiansk.  338
28. Sketch of the upper course of the Indigirka and Kolyma.  339
29. The Colorado Plateau.  381
30. Rocky mountains, East of Leadville.  384
31. 'Folds en chelon' on the outer edge of the Colorado range.  385
32. Outer border of the Rocky mountains on the Ghost River, South Canada.  391
33. The Plateau of the Copper river.  398
34. The Kiamath mountains.  420
35. Mouth of the Colorado river.  426
36. Trend lines of the Sierra de la Ventana.  483
37. Deep borings at Boryslav.  525
38. The Rhine valley near Bäle.  526
39. Fractured area in the Tafel-Jura.  527
40. Rotated Fold of Ben More, Assynt.  530
41. Structure of the coalfield near Denain and Anzin.  531
42, 43. Recumbent flakes of Fontaine lEvêque   532
44. Section of the coalfield from Saint Eloi to Saint Leon  534
45. Recumbent fold of Glarus  535
46. Section through a part of the pre-Alps of Freiburg  536
47. The Mattstook between Thun and the Walensee  538
48. Diagrammatic section of the Hohe Tatra  541
49. Roof of the granite of Markersdorf  553
50. Mesa of mount Taylor and Prieta Mesa  570
51. End of a basalt dyke  572
52. Dyke near Makomereng  574
53. Interrupted dyke in Matatiele  575
54. Intrusion of Mellilite Basalt near Sutherland  576
55. Saint Augustine mine, near Kimberley  577
MAPS AND PLATES (From Volume V)